Mobu oa mafika o bohareng ba Antarctica ha ho mohla o kileng oa ba le likokoana-hloko.
Ka lekhetlo la pele, bo-rasaense ba fumane hore ho bonahala ho se na bophelo mobung holim'a Lefatše. Mobu o tsoa matsoapong a mabeli a mafika, a mafika ka hare ho Antarctica, lik’hilomithara tse 300 ho tloha South Pole, moo leqhoa le phunyeletsang lithabeng.
Noah Firer, setsebi sa tikoloho ea lintho tse phelang le likokoana-hloko Univesithing ea Colorado Boulder, o re: “Haesale batho ba nahana hore likokoana-hloko li tiile 'me li ka phela kae kapa kae. Ha e le hantle, ho fumanoe likokoana-hloko tse nang le sele e le 'ngoe li phela ka lifensetereng tsa hydrothermal tse nang le mocheso o fetang likhato tse 200 tsa Fahrenheit, matšeng a ka tlas'a halofo ea mile ea leqhoa la Antarctica, esita le maoto a 120,000 ka holim'a stratosphere ea Lefatše. Empa ka mor'a selemo sa mosebetsi, Ferrer le seithuti sa hae sa bongaka Nicholas Dragon ba ntse ba e-s'o fumane matšoao leha e le afe a bophelo mobung oa Antarctic oo ba o bokeletseng.
Firer le Dragone ba ithutile mobu ho tsoa mefuteng e 11 e fapaneng ea lithaba, e emelang mefuta e mengata ea maemo. Tse tsoang libakeng tse tlaase le tse batang haholo lithabeng li na le libaktheria le li-fungus. Empa lithabeng tse ling tsa mokoloko oa lithaba tse peli tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa, tse omeletseng le tse batang ka ho fetisisa ha ho na matšoao a bophelo.
Ferrer o ile a re: "Re ke ke ra re ha li na likokoana-hloko. Litsebi tsa baeloji li tloaetse ho fumana lisele tse limilione ka teaspoon ea mobu. Ka hona, palo e nyane haholo (mohlala, lisele tse 100 tse sebetsang) e ka phonyoha. Empa ho ea kamoo re tsebang kateng, ha li na likokoana-hloko leha e le life.
Hore na mobu o mong o hlile ha o na bophelo kapa hamorao o ile oa fumanoa o e-na le lisele tse ntseng li phela, liphuputso tse ncha tse hatisitsoeng morao tjena koranteng ea JGR Biogeosciences li ka thusa ho batleng bophelo ho Mars. Mobu oa Antarctic o hoamme ka ho sa feleng, o tletse matsoai a chefo, ’me ha o e-s’o be le metsi a mangata ka lilemo tse limilione tse peli—a tšoanang le a Martian.
Li ile tsa bokelloa nakong ea leeto la lichelete la National Science Foundation ka January 2018 ho ea libakeng tse hōle tsa Lithaba tsa Transantarctic. Li feta bohareng ba k'honthinente, li arola sehlaba se phahameng sa polar ka bochabela le leqhoa le tlaase ka bophirimela. Bo-rasaense ba ile ba hloma liahelo Leqhoeng la Shackleton, e leng lebanta le tsamaisang leqhoa le bolelele ba lik’hilomithara tse 60 le phallang ho theosa le sekoti lithabeng. Ba ile ba sebelisa lihelikopthara ho fofela libakeng tse phahameng le ho bokella lisampole holimo le ho theosa le leqhoa.
Lithabeng tse futhumetseng, tse mongobo mosikong oa leqhoa, limithara tse makholo a seng makae feela ka holim’a bophahamo ba leoatle, ba ile ba fumana hore mobu o ne o e-na le liphoofolo tse nyenyane ho feta peō ea sesame: liboko tse nyenyane haholo, li-tardigrade tse maoto a robeli, rotifers le liboko tse nyenyane. e bitsoang springtails. Likokoanyana tse nang le mapheo. Mobu ona o se nang letho, o lehlabathe o na le libaktheria tse ka tlaase ho sekete tse fumanoang mohloeng o hloekisitsoeng hantle, tse lekaneng ho fana ka lijo bakeng sa liphoofolo tse nyenyane tse jang litlama tse laletseng ka tlas'a metsi.
Empa matšoao ana a bophelo a ile a nyamela butle-butle ha sehlopha se ntse se etela lithabeng tse phahameng ho ea botebong ba leqhoa. Ha ba le tlhōrōng ea leqhoa, ba ile ba etela lithaba tse peli—Mount Schroeder le Mount Roberts—tse bophahamo ba limithara tse fetang 7 000.
Maeto a ho etela Thaba ea Schroeder e ne e le a sehlōhō, ho hopola Byron Adams, setsebi sa baeloji Univesithing ea Brigham Young e Provo, Utah, ea ileng a etella pele morero oo. Mocheso letsatsing lena la lehlabula o haufi le 0°F. Moea o llang o ile oa etsa hore leqhoa le lehloa le be mouoane butle-butle, la siea lithaba li le feela, e le tšokelo e sa khaotseng ea ho phahamisa le ho lahleloa ha likharafu tsa serapeng tseo ba neng ba tlile le tsona ho cheka lehlabathe. Naha ena e koahetsoe ke mafika a mafubelu a seretse se chesang a ’nileng a hoholeha ka lilemo tse makholo a limillione ke moea le pula, a a siea e le mekoti le ho bentša.
Ha bo-rasaense ba phahamisa lejoe leo, ba ile ba fumana hore motheo oa lona o ne o koahetsoe ke letsoai le lesoeu—likristale tse chefo tsa perchlorate, chlorate le nitrate. Li-perchlorates le chlorate, matsoai a etsang lintho tse senyang a sebelisoang ho etsa libeso tsa rocket le bleach ea indasteri, le tsona li fumaneha ka bongata holim'a Mars. Kaha ha ho na metsi a ho hohola, letsoai le bokellana lithabeng tsena tse omeletseng tsa Antarctic.
"Ho tšoana le ho etsa sampole ho Mars," ho boletse Adams. Ha u kenya kharafu ka hare, "oa tseba hore ke uena ntho ea pele ea ho senya mobu ka ho sa feleng-mohlomong limilione tsa lilemo."
Bafuputsi ba ile ba etsa tlhahiso ea hore esita le libakeng tse phahameng joalo le maemong a thata ka ho fetisisa, ba ne ba ntse ba tla fumana likokoana-hloko tse phelang mobung. Empa litebello tseo li ile tsa qala ho fela bofelong ba selemo sa 2018, ha Dragon e sebelisa mokhoa o bitsoang polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ho bona DNA ea likokoana-hloko mobung. Drakone e ile ea leka lisampole tse 204 ho tsoa lithabeng tse holimo le ka tlase ho leqhoele. Mehlala e tsoang lithabeng tse tlaase, tse pholileng e ile ea hlahisa DNA e ngata; empa boholo ba disampole (20%) ho tloha dibakeng tse phahameng, ho kopanyelletsa le tse ngata tse tswang Mount Schroeder le Roberts Massif, ha di a ka tsa lekolwa bakeng sa diphetho leha e le dife, tse bontshang hore di na le dikokwana-hloko tse fokolang haholo kapa mohlomong di ne di se na letho ho hang.
Ferrell o itse: “Ha a qala ho mpontša liphetho, ke ile ka nahana, 'Ho na le phoso.' O ne a nahana hore e tlameha ebe ho na le ho hong ho phoso ka sampole kapa thepa ea lab.
Joale Dragon e ile ea etsa letoto la liteko tse ling ho batla matšoao a bophelo. O ne a ala mmu ka glucose go bona gore a ditshedi dingwe tse di mo mmung di o fetola khabonetaeokosaete. O ne a leka ho sibolla k’hemik’hale e bitsoang ATP, e sebelisoang ke lintho tsohle tse phelang lefatšeng ho boloka matla. Ka likhoeli tse 'maloa, o ile a lema likotoana tsa mobu ka metsoako e sa tšoaneng ea limatlafatsi, a leka ho kholisa likokoana-hloko tse teng hore li hōle ho ba likolone.
"Nick o ile a akhela sinki ea kichineng ho lisampole tsena," ho boletse Ferrell. Ho sa tsotellehe liteko tsena kaofela, ha aa ka a fumana letho mobung o mong. “Ehlile ho a hlolla.”
Jacqueline Gurdial, setsebi sa baeloji ea tikoloho Univesithing ea Guelph, Canada, o bitsa liphello e le “tse hohelang,” haholo-holo boiteko ba Dragon ba ho fumana hore na ke lintlha life tse susumetsang monyetla oa ho fumana likokoana-hloko sebakeng se itseng. O fumane hore bophahamo bo phahameng le likhahla tse phahameng tsa chlorate e ne e le tsona tse matla ka ho fetesisa tsa ho hloleha ho bona bophelo. "Ena ke tšibollo e khahlisang haholo," ho boletse Goodyear. "Sena se re bolella ho hongata ka meeli ea bophelo Lefatšeng."
Ha aa kholiseha ka ho feletseng hore mobu oa bona ha o phele, karolo e 'ngoe e bakoa ke liphihlelo tsa hae karolong e' ngoe ea Antarctica.
Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, o ile a ithuta mobu o tsoang tikolohong e tšoanang Lithabeng tsa Transantarctic, sebaka se bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse 500 ka leboea-bophirimela ho Shackleton Glacier se bitsoang University Valley seo e ka' nang eaba ha se na mongobo o moholo kapa mocheso o qhibilihang ka lilemo tse 120,000. Ha a e fuama ka likhoeli tse 20 mochesong oa 23° F, e leng mocheso o tloaelehileng oa lehlabula phuleng, mobu o ne o sa bontše matšoao a bophelo. Empa ha a futhumatsa lisampole tsa mobu ka likhato tse seng kae ho feta leqhoa, tse ling li ile tsa bontša khōlo ea baktheria.
Ka mohlala, bo-rasaense ba sibolotse hore lisele tsa baktheria li ntse li phela esita le ka mor’a lilemo tse likete li le holim’a leqhoa le leqhoa. Ha li qabeletsoe, metabolism ea sele e ka fokotsa lebelo ka makhetlo a milione. Ba kena sebakeng seo ba seng ba sa hōle ho sona, empa ba lokisa tšenyo ea DNA e bakoang ke mahlaseli a bokahohle a phunyeletsang leqhoa. Goodyear o nahana hore "baphonyohi ba liehang" bana e ka 'na ea e-ba bao a ba fumaneng College Valley-o belaella hore haeba Dragone le Firer ba ne ba hlahlobile mobu ka makhetlo a 10, ba ka be ba ba fumane Roberts Massif kapa Schroeder Mountain.
Brent Christner, ea ithutang likokoana-hloko tsa Antarctic Univesithing ea Florida e Gainesville, o lumela hore mobu ona o phahameng, o omileng o ka thusa ho ntlafatsa ho batla bophelo Mars.
O ile a hlokomela hore sefofa-sebakeng sa Viking 1 le Viking 2, se ileng sa lula Mars ka 1976, se ile sa etsa liteko tsa ho bona bophelo bo itšetlehile ka karolo ea liphuputso tsa mobu o tlaase haufi le lebōpo la Antarctica, e leng sebaka se bitsoang Liphula Tse Omileng. E meng ea mobu ona e kolobisoa ke meltwater lehlabula. Ha li na likokoana-hloko feela, empa libakeng tse ling li na le liboko tse nyenyane le liphoofolo tse ling.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mobu o phahameng, o ommeng oa Mount Roberts le Mount Schroeder o ka fana ka mabaka a betere a ho hlahloba lisebelisoa tsa Martian.
Christner o itse: "Bokaholimo ba Mars bo bobe haholo. “Ha ho ntho e phelang Lefatšeng e ka phelang holim’a metsi”—bonyane ka holimo ho lisenthimithara tse peli kapa tse peli. Sefofa-sebakeng leha e le sefe se eang moo ho ea batla bophelo se tlameha ho lokisetsoa ho sebetsa libakeng tse ling tse thata ka ho fetisisa Lefatšeng.
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